A study on visual evoked responses in children with chronic renal failure

Aims of the study. - Nervous involvement is frequent in patients with renal failure. Early recognition of the condition by electrophysiological tests may provide means for protective measures before irreversible damage of nervous system (NS) structures takes place. This study has two objectives: (1) examining whether pattern-reversal visual evoked potential (PR-VEP) studies may provide information relating to possible subclinical NS involvement in pediatric patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and (2) looking for a possible relationship between serum parathormone (PTH) and creatinine levels and PR-VEP parameters

Endogenous rhythmic growth, a trait suitable for the study of interplays between multitrophic interactions and tree development

As long-lived organisms, trees use resources to support both growth and below- and aboveground trophic interactions. Resources fluctuate in relation to periods of growth cease that are regulated by internal and external factors, and these fluctuations feed backs to trophic partners. Some major forest trees display an endogenous growth rhythm, and related pulses of variation in allocation of resources have been detected. As this trait makes it possible to separate growth into defined phases, it offers an opportunity to disentangle the intermingled complex regulation of growth and multitrophic interactions in trees. We present “TrophinOak”, a platform using microcuttings of pedunculated oak, a tree that displays endogenous rhythmic growth characterized by alternating shoot and root growth flushes. We select seven beneficial or detrimental above- and belowground partners including animals (Lymantria dispar, Pratylenchus penetrans, Protaphorura armata), fungi (Piloderma croceum, Microsphaera alphitoides, Phytophthora quercina) and bacteria (Streptomyces sp.), to synthesize bi- and tripartite trophic interactions, including ectomycorrhizal symbioses, and monitor fluctuations of carbon and nitrogen allocation as well as plant gene expression at distinct phases of oak growth. We use this model to identify and resolve the experimental challenges inherent in synthesizing diverse types of associations in a common microcosm system, in labeling plants with stable N and C isotopes and in analyzing transcripts in a non-model plant, a process which requires generating a specific contig library. We develop hypotheses and experimental design to test them in order to identify core mechanisms that help trees to modulate their own development and their multitrophic interactions for optimizing their long term performance in their environment. First results constitute a proof of concept that the platform works and enables us to test the hypotheses